Spotlighting is a type of lighting system usually seen to be used in stage performances… Its main function is to maintain the focus of light on the person on stage.
Spotlighting
Depending on the use of the spotlights to be used, they are classified as follows:
Plano Convex
Ellipsoidal
Fresnel
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector [PAR]
PAR Pin
Beam Projector
Followspot
The above mentioned seven types of Spotlights are the most commonly used for the Lighting system in Theatrical performances…
In this article, we are going to discuss in detail the various types of Spotlights and their Lighting Mechanism and Use in detail with relevant informative pictures explaining the spotlight.
Public Sector is controlled by government to manufacture Power, Steel, Aluminium, copper, mining etc to provide employment to common man and control the country’s economy.
The Public Sector Unit tends to overstaff resulting in the increase in cost production.
Due to the lack of modernisation, they do not use their surpluses in the form of Capital.
PSU provides employment to the millions of people around the country.
They monopolise the market.
The PSUs could not survive due to so many controls and overruns.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) | Efficient Building Systems | Green Material
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) was developed in Sweden in the late 1920s and has been used successfully in a variety of applications in commercial, industrial and residential construction. AAC is a lightweight, high strength building material and is produced in a variety of forms from blocks, to structural floors and wall panels.
AAC is credited by LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and USGBC (US Green Building Council) as an “green” alternative to traditional construction materials. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) recommends its use in India.
AAC consists of 80% of air. It is manufactured by combining silica in the form of sand or recycled flyash, cement, lime, water and an expansion agent – aluminium powder and paving it into a mold.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) – A New Green Building Material
Structurally reinforced AAC products like lintels or roof panels, steel rebar or mesh are also placed in the mould.
When added to concrete, the aluminium powder reacts with the silica, resulting in the formation of millions of microscopic hydrogen bubbles. The hydrogen bubbles cause the concrete to expand to roughly five times its original volume.
The hydrogen evaporates and leaving a highly closed cell aerated concrete. It is then cut into blocks or panels which are then steam and pressure cured in an autoclaved. Using AAC is very advantageous because it is environmentally friendly qualifies as a ‘green’ building material from manufacturing to recycling.
All the waste material like trimmings, rejected units are all recycled and hence there is zero wastage. All the waste on the sites is crushed and safely used as a fill or buried shallow underground. Spread AAC dust on the lawn serves as a great lime supplement.
AAC is so lightweight, it weighs 1/5th of the weight of the standard concrete, which results in lower transportation costs, faster work-flow lower material handling costs etc. AAC is in ‘ready to build’ material, requiring no onsite curing time. It has unparalleled workability because it can be sown, drilled, nailed, screwed and milled with common hand tools. AAC openings are easily and alternately cut.
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is India’s first Greenfield Airport under international competitive bidding, has been developed through a Public Private Partnership initiative (PPP).
It is spread over an area of 5,495 acres of Shamshabad. The airport is 25km from the city of Hyderabd. The terminal building spans 105,300 sq.m. designed to handle 12 million passengers per annum and the cargo section has a capacity of 100,000 metric tonnes per annum. In the final phase the airport will reach its full capacity with an additional floor area of 430,000 sqm to be developed, bringing the total built-up area to 900,000sq.m. The master plan has been designed to cater to 50 million passengers a year. To achieve this, the present master plan allows freedom of expansion to both airside and landside facilities within the airport site.
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
The Plan of the airport is T-shaped. It ensures beautifully landscaped view from all the sides after the person is inside the airport complex.
The design of the passenger terminal building is simple so that the sequences of spaces facilitate easy and comfortable movement and orientation. The passenger terminal will cover 105,300m² of floor space and has systems in place to ensure rapid transit between the domestic and international concourses.
The major concept is that it merges with the design of the city. Embodiment of special characters of Nagpur in the design. Principles of energy efficiency and Green building technology have been incorporated in the design.
VNIT, Nagpur
As the world reels under the stress of economic recession and Peak oil, efforts are being made to minimize the use of energy, to maximize return on invested resources by recycling and optimum use of natural resources. Such efforts have culminated into the new Green building movement across the planet.
Thumb rules for Structural Design | RCC Structures
I highly recommend use of advanced structural design software like ETabs or Staad Pro for design of structures. This is very important. There are so many variables in design of a structure that no minimum standards can be accurate. This guide can be used for design of very small structures, maybe up to G+1 floors. But I would still recommend use of professional software. Every structural designer should learn these software. Use of manual methods is outdated. Manual method is only used for checks. Real design is done with the help of computers, with very advanced design concepts like pushover analysis, seismic analysis, wind loads simulation and many advanced methods.
You can hire me for your structural design need. Contact me.
Design of RCC Structural Components
In this article, I will discuss the minimum standards that can be followed for the design of RCC structural components of a structure, such as columns, beams, slab and foundation. We will also discuss the minimum safe standards for the reinforcing bars that are to be used for the design of the above mentioned Structural Components.
Minimum cross-sectional dimension for a Column: is 9″x 12″ (225 MM x 300 MM) which is the minimum recommended size. I have designed hundreds of buildings, and never had the misfortune of any structural component ever failing due to loads. I always use M20 grade concrete for construction, as it is the minimum recommended grade of concrete is IS 456:2000. Please don’t skimp on the quality of concrete. The minimum steel in a 9″ x 9″ column is 4 bars of 12 MM with stirrups of 8 MM steel rings at a distance of 150 MM centre to centre. In a 9″ x 12″ column, I add two more bars, to take the total to 6 bars of 12 MM diameter. This design can be safe for up to G+1 floors. But there are a lot of other factors involved.
Construction on Site | Design of RCC Structures[/caption]
Minimum RCC beam size should not be less than 9″x 9″ (225MM X 225MM), with an additional slab thickness of 125 MM. I generally use a minimum of 4 bars, with 2 bars of 12 MM thickness in the bottom of the beam, and 2 bars of 10 MM at the top of the beam. I maintain a concrete cover of 40 MM. I recommend use of M20 grade of concrete (1 part cement : 1.5 parts sand : 3 parts aggregate : 0.5 parts water).
Minimum thickness of RCC slab I recommend is 5″ (125MM) because a slab may contain electrical pipes embedded into them which could be 0.5″ or more for internal wiring, which effectively reduces slab depths at certain places, causing cracking, weakening and water leakage during rains. So, a minimum thickness of 5″ should be maintained.
