Archive for category Civil Projects
Purpose of Specifications and types of Specifications
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 28, 2010
What are Specifications?
Specifications describe the nature and the class of the work, materials to be used in the work, workmanship etc. and is very important for the execution of the work. The cost of a work depends much on the specifications. Specifications should be clear.
Types of Specifications
Purpose of giving Specifications
- The cost of an unit quantity of work is governed by its specifications.
- Specification of a work is required to describe the quality and quantity of different materials required for a construction work and is one of the essential contract documents.
- This also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work. Thus specification of a work serves as a guide to a supervising staff of a contractor as well as to the owner to execute the work to their satisfaction.
- A work is carried out according to its specification and the contractor is paid for the same. Any change in specification changes the tendered rate.
- As the rate of work is based on the specification, a contractor can calculate the rates of various items of works in tender with his procurement rates of materials and labour. Thus tender rate without specification of works is baseless, incomplete and invalid.
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Methods of Valuation of a Building | Building Estimation and Costing
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 26, 2010
Valuation of Building
Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability, on the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used in the construction and present day prices of materials. Valuation also depends on the height of the building, height of the plinth, thickness of the wall, nature of the floor, roof, doors, windows etc.
The valuation of a building is determined on working out its cost of construction at present day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation.
Six Methods of Valuation
Six Methods of Valuation
- Rental Method of Valuation
- Direct Comparisons of the capital value
- Valuation based on the profit
- Valuation based on the cost
- Development method of Valuation
- Depreciation method of Valuation
Rental Method of Valuation
In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all outgoing from the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the market is assumed and Year’s purchase is calculated. This net income multiplied by Year’s Purchase gives the capitalized value or valuation of the property. This method is applicable only when the rent is known or probable rent is determined by enquiries.
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Cracks in Buildings | Building Construction
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 21, 2010
Cracks in Buildings
Cracks result in applied forces greater than those which the building or its part can withstand. These forces may have emerged externally to the building or internally within the building or have been developed in the materials of the building as a result of Chemical changes. There may be a single force or a combination of forces having a single cause or several causes.
Building at San Francisco
This is a residential building at San Francisco. Major cracks have developed on the external facade of the building. The cracks running across the entire facade of the building are diagonally directed and diagonal cracks are generally structural cracks. They occur due to structural problems in the buildings. Structural cracks could be due to major or minor problem in the structural design. Intensity of structural problem is determined on the basis of the intensity of cracks developed.
Most cracks occur due to drying of construction water.
- These are generally superficial
- Do not affect the serviceability of the building
- Can be easily repaired
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Next Generation Internet | Web 3.0
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 18, 2010
Web 3.0, a phrase coined by John Markoff of the New York Times in 2006, refers to a supposed third generation of Internet-based services that collectively comprise what might be called ‘the intelligent Web’—such as those using semantic web, microformats, natural language search, data mining, machine learning, recommendation agents, and artificial intelligence technologies – which emphasize machine-facilitated understanding of information in order to provide a more productive and intuitive user experience.
Web 3.0 Next Generation Internet
CEO of Google.com, Eric Schmidt gave a speech about Web 3.0 in Korea in May 2007…
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Design of India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 17, 2010
Design of India Habitat Centre
Indian Habitat Centre is located in New Delhi, India. It was conceived to be a catalyst relationship between individuals and institutions that is, NGO’s working in habitat related areas to increase their effectiveness.
Architect of the India Habitat Centre
Joseph Allen Stein
India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
Purpose of the Construction of Indian Habitat Centre
Indian Habitat Centre has been constructed for various activities apart for commercial purposes. It is a centre for cultural, economic and social activities. Dramas, plays are also organized at the centre. There is banquet hall and party lawn and also a Restaurant. Basically, it is open for public use also. . The Habitat Centre would be a home not only to those offices and research organizations but in order to facilitate their interaction, the centre provides a range of facilities like conference venues, exhibition halls, seminar rooms, restaurants and performance venues for cultural activities.
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Retail Industry Scenario in India
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects on August 14, 2010
Booming Retail Industry in India
India is a developing country. Since it is still developing, there have been lot of growth in the industrial sector which provided job opportunities to the people. Retail Industry caught lot of attention in the past one decade. Due to the recent economic development of the country, people in India have enough to spend for their recreational activities and shop all they need. They have become fun loving and enjoy going shopping in huge shopping complexes even if the prices of the products at the shopping centre are higher than the products available in the open market.
Hyderabad Central, India
The Indian Retail Industry is the largest of all the industries accounting on 10% of the country’s GDP growth and 8% of the country’s employment. The flourishing retail industry in India has reduced unemployment to a large extent. It has emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industrial sector with several big players entering the market.
In India, the vast middle class and almost untapped retail industry are the key forces of attraction for global retail giants waiting to enter new markets. This attraction has stimulated the growth of the retail industry and is growing at a faster rate. It is estimated that the growth rate of the retail Industry will reach 25% at the end of the year.
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IPSA – Indore (AAYAM) | Sustainable Green Architecture
Posted by BenzuJK in Civil Projects, Green Building on August 12, 2010
Incorporation of Sustainable Green Features in the Design
Aayam in Sanskrit means dimension, and the presented design has provided innovative solutions in all the dimensions of creative world.
The entire building has been made in order to preserve the landscape and adapt suitable style pertaining to the topography. By determining the quantity and quality of light entering the spaces, they have eventually taken on greater reality. The galleries are woven into a modulated space, born of light and geometry.
IPSA - Indore (Sustainable Green Architecture)
The design is a centre of culture that is rooted in the region and reflecting contemporary art and architecture at the highest level that have come together with nature. The core of the annex is open to sky and the rigorous used of a geometric vocabulary. A reflection of land art with pure modernism, the convention centre is rooted to traditions and mirrors ideas if the youth of India.
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